SOLAR AND
UNIVERSAL MATTERS . . .
Material inside
the Heliosphere (My remarks in red)
http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/feature/2000/1/the-galactic-environment-of-the-sun/4
01. Although the
ions in the interstellar medium are deflected around the heliosphere, a
majority of the neutral interstellar atoms (mostly hydrogen and helium)
flow cleanly into the solar system.
02. Remarkably,
about 98 percent of the diffuse gas within the heliosphere (excluding
material associated with planetary bodies and comets) is interstellar
material. In fact, the densities of the interstellar material and the
solar wind are equal near the orbit of Jupiter.
This suggests both an outgoing
radiation from our Sun as well as an incoming radiation from our Galaxy and
from the surrounding space.
These opposite forces from the sun
and from our Galaxy are really, in my opinion, what balance our Planets
in the Solar System.
03. These
surprising results can be understood if one appreciates that the solar
wind must fill an increasingly large volume of space in the outer solar
system, so that its density decreases with the inverse square of its
distance from the sun. In contrast, the density of the neutral component
of the interstellar wind changes very little as it flows through the
heliosphere, until it is finally ionized.
04. The first discovery of interstellar matter within
the solar system was made in the 1960s by a spacecraft observing the
earth's geocorona, a layer of neutral hydrogen atoms that forms
in the outermost part of the planet's atmosphere.
Hydrogen really fills ALL space
between every solid object in the Universe.
05. In interstellar space, the hydrogen is
comparatively "cold" so that electrons are in the ground state. However,
when neutral interstellar atoms flow into the solar system and approach
the sun, the intense Lyman-alpha photon radiation from the solar
atmosphere pumps the electron into the first excited state. The electron
then naturally decays down to the lowest energy level again and emits a
Lyman-alpha photon in the process, creating a weak interplanetary
ultraviolet glow.
06. Astronomers now know that most of the
interstellar hydrogen atoms are ionized within several AU of the sun,
partly by photo-ionization from solar radiation and partly by charge
exchange with the solar wind.
07. As the interstellar atoms are ionized, they are
"picked up" by the solar wind plasma and swept out to the heliosphere's
termination shock. Since these pickup ions are products of the
interaction between the solar wind and the neutral atoms of the
interstellar medium, their measurement offers clues to the composition
of the interstellar medium.
08. Once the
pickup ions reach the termination shock they are accelerated up to
cosmic-ray energies, forming a component known as the anomalous
cosmic-ray population. This anomalous population is seen as a bump
tacked onto the low-energy end of the galactic cosmic-ray spectrum.
This is a wrong assumption! The
“anomaly” is quite understandable if one combines the outgoing radiation
from our Sun with the Hydrogen field outside the heliosphere – and
elsewhere in Space - and the incoming radiation from our Galaxy.
We are in fact dealing with 2
opposite forces: The Solar Wind going out in the heliosphere and the
Galaxy Wind going in to the heliosphere.
09. These
particles are "anomalous" because their energies are too low for them to
have entered the heliosphere from the outside, indicating that they must
have formed within the solar system. As it happens, these anomalous
cosmic rays return to the inner solar system where some are captured by
the earth's magnetosphere.
No, “their energies are not to
low” to have entered from the outside. Accordingly to:
02. Remarkably, about 98 percent of the diffuse gas within the
heliosphere (excluding material associated with planetary bodies and
comets) is interstellar material!
10. In other
words, these particles zip back and forth through the heliosphere: They
are blown into the solar system as interstellar neutral atoms, blown out
to the termination shock as pickup ions and then returned to the inner
solar system as anomalous cosmic rays!
No, it’s just a mixture of
opposite radiation between the Solar and the Galaxy wind, with the field
of more neutral Hydrogen in between and everywhere else. The anomaly is
a mental and scientifically wrong approach!
Solar Flare Surprise
http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/stereo/news/Solar_Flare_Surprise.html
01. The event occurred on Dec. 5, 2006. A large sunspot rounded the
sun's eastern limb and with little warning it exploded. On the "Richter
scale" of flares, which ranks X1 as a big event, the blast registered
X9, making it one of the strongest flares of the past 30 years.
02. NASA managers braced themselves. Such a ferocious blast usually
produces a blizzard of high-energy particles dangerous to both
satellites and astronauts. Indeed, moments after the explosion, radio
emissions from a shock wave in the sun's atmosphere signalled that a
swarm of particles was on its way.
03. An hour later they arrived. But they were not the particles
researchers expected.
04. NASA's twin STEREO spacecraft made the discovery: "It was a burst of
hydrogen atoms," says Mewaldt. "No other elements were present, not even
helium (the sun's second most abundant atomic species). Pure hydrogen
streamed past the spacecraft for a full 90 minutes."
It was not “a burst” of Hydrogen from the Sun! The measured Hydrogen was
the first bow-chock from the Sun flare pushing at the field of neutral
Hydrogen which relatively fills all space between all solid objects in
Space.
05. Next came more than 30 minutes of quiet. The burst subsided and
STEREO's particle counters returned to low levels. The event seemed to
be over when a second wave of particles enveloped the spacecraft. These
were the "broken atoms" that flares are supposed to produce—protons and
heavier ions such as helium, oxygen and iron. "Better late than never,"
he says.
First measurements of the termination shock
http://www.astronomynow.com/080703STEREOseesSolarSysteminparticlesnotlight.html
01. The heliosphere is like a bubble in space within which the effects
of the solar wind are contained, stretching from the Sun to more than
twice the distance of Pluto. Last year, the Voyager 2 spacecraft crossed
the termination shock – the region of the heliosphere where the
supersonic solar wind slows to subsonic speed as it merges with the
interstellar medium – and entered the surrounding heliosheath.
02. "This is the first mapping of energetic neutral particles from
beyond the heliosphere," says Lin. "These neutral atoms tell us about
the hot ions in the heliosheath.” The UC Berkeley physicists concluded
that these energetic neutral atoms, which are probably hydrogen,
were originally ions heated up in the termination shock front that lost
their charge to cold atoms in the interstellar medium and, no longer
hindered by magnetic fields, flowed back toward the Sun and into the
suprathermal electron sensors on STEREO.
Not “probably” hydrogen, but in fact Hydrogen.
03. The termination shock is believed to be responsible for the origin
of 'anomalous cosmic rays,' cosmic rays that are less intense than those
produced in supernova explosions, but nonetheless are still extremely
energetic atomic particles that continually bombard the Earth.
The Hydrogen Atom
Wikipedia:
01. The spin of the electron and proton can be in either direction - in
the classical analogy they are rotating clockwise or anticlockwise
around a given axis. They may both have their spin oriented in the same
direction or in opposite directions.
02. Because of magnetic interactions between the particles, a hydrogen
atom that has the spins of the electron and proton aligned in the same
direction (parallel) has slightly more energy than one where the spins
of the electron and proton are in opposite directions (anti-parallel)
03. Neutral hydrogen = “Not lighted
matter”, Dark (Matter/Energy) Fills up the space in the Universe between
Galaxies, Stars, Planets etc. (Activated Hydrogen = Light (Matter))
That is: There is NO “antimatter” -
just neutral or activated Hydrogen.
04. CMB = the “black” interactive
field of the neutral Hydrogen electrons and protons in the Universe.
05. The cosmic microwave background is polarized at the level of a few
microkelvins. There are two types of polarization, called E-modes
and B-modes. This is in analogy to electrostatics, in which the
electric field (E-field) has a vanishing curl and the magnetic
field (B-field) has a vanishing divergence. The E-modes
arise naturally from
Thomson scattering in an
inhomogeneous plasma. The B-modes, which have not been measured
and are thought to have an amplitude of at most a 0.1 µK, are not
produced from the plasma physics alone. They are a signal from
cosmic inflation and are
determined by the density of primordial
gravitational waves.
Detecting the B-modes will be extremely difficult, particularly
given that the degree of foreground contamination is unknown, and the
weak gravitational lensing
signal mixes the relatively strong E-mode signal with the B-mode
signal.
06. The polarization of the cosmic microwave
background (CMB) is widely recognized as a potential source of
information about primordial gravitational waves. The gravitational
wave contribution can be separated from the dominant CMB polarization
created by density perturbations at the times of recombination and
reionization because it generates both E and B polarization modes,
whereas the density perturbations create only E polarization.
It is not a source of information
of about primordial “gravitational waves”. The CMB is the radiation of
the (relative) neutral Hydrogen atomic Universal field itself, a
“substance” in which gravitational waves from exploding Stars can
be measured.
07. The limits of our ability to measure
gravitational waves are thus determined by statistical and systematic
errors from CMB experiments, foregrounds, and nonlinear evolution
effects such as gravitational lensing of the CMB. Usually it is assumed
that most foregrounds can be removed because of their frequency
dependence, however Thomson scattering of the CMB quadrupole by
electrons in the Galaxy or nearby structures shares the blackbody
frequency dependence of the CMB. If the optical depth from these nearby
electrons is anisotropic, the polarization generated can include B modes
even if no tensor perturbations are present.
The CMB and the
Big Bang hypothesis
Wikipedia:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background
01. In cosmology, the cosmic microwave background radiation
CMB (also CMBR, CBR, MBR, and relic
radiation) is a form of electromagnetic radiation filling the
universe. With a
traditional optical telescope, the space between stars and galaxies
(the background) is pitch black.
In my opinion, again: Neutral Hydrogen = Dark matter/Energy
02. But with a radio telescope, there is a faint background glow, almost
exactly the same in all directions, that is not associated with any
star, galaxy, or other object.
Activated Hydrogen (or neutral Hydrogen observed by the relevant
instruments) = Light “matter”. It´s just a question of adding
electromagnetic energy to the Hydrogen atom.
03. This glow is strongest in the microwave region of the radio
spectrum, hence the name cosmic microwave background radiation.
The CMB's discovery in 1964 by astronomers
Arno Penzias and
Robert Wilson[2]
was the culmination of work initiated in the 1940s, and earned them the
1978
Nobel Prize.
04. The CMBR is well explained by the
Big Bang theory – when the universe was young, before the formation
of stars and planets, it was smaller, much hotter, and filled with a
uniform glow from its red-hot fog of hydrogen
plasma.
As stated her above:
01.
In cosmology, the cosmic microwave background radiation CMB
(also CMBR, CBR, MBR, and relic radiation)
is a form of electromagnetic radiation filling the Universe. With a
traditional optical telescope, the space between stars and galaxies
(the background) is pitch black.
That is (again): The background is pitch black = neutral Hydrogen which
fills the whole Universe and always have done so! Therefore, the “Big
Bang” is NOT explained and the Creation itself is NOT explained by the
“Big Bang” with something that once began, because the pitch black field
always have been there as neutral Hydrogen.
Furthermore, as the dark neutral Hydrogen field have been there forever
and always will be, the concept of “time” is totally irrelevant as a
measurement for the Creation. This indicates that several other
alternative explanations are requested, inclusive the measurement of
“time/space movents and the redshift theory.
05. As the universe expanded, both the plasma and the radiation filling
it grew cooler. When the universe got cool enough, stable atoms could
form. These atoms could no longer absorb the
thermal radiation, and the universe became transparent instead of
being an opaque fog. The photons that were around at that time have been
propagating ever since, though growing fainter and less energetic, since
the exact same photons fill a larger and larger universe. This is the
source for the term relic radiation, another name for the CMBR.
06. Precise measurements of cosmic background radiation are critical to
cosmology, since any proposed model of the universe must explain this
radiation. The CMBR has a thermal
black body spectrum at a temperature of 2.725 K, thus the
spectrum peaks in the
microwave range frequency of 160.2 GHz, corresponding to a 1.9 mm
wavelength.
Neutral Hydrogen is black at 2.725 K = Black Matter/Energy and lightens
up if activated by electromagnetic forces = lighter Matter/Energy
07. The glow is almost but not quite uniform in all directions, and
shows a very specific pattern equal to that expected if the inherent
randomness of a red-hot gas is blown up to the size of the universe.
Of course the glow is almost, but not quite uniform in all directions –
the Hydrogen is the basic matter in all directions in the Universe. When
the glow is not that quite uniform, it is because of the Hydrogen has
different of transformation stages related to some interaction degree
with molecular gas- and dust clouds and other firm objects in the
Universe.
08. In particular, the spatial
power spectrum (how much difference is observed versus how far apart
the regions are on the sky) contains small
anisotropies, or irregularities, which vary with the size of the
region examined. They have been measured in detail, and match to within
experimental error what would be expected if small thermal
fluctuations had expanded to the size of the observable space we can
detect today.
Again: The “thermal fluctuations” has already expanded the whole
Universe!
09. Although many different processes might produce the general form of
a black body spectrum, no model other than the
Big Bang has yet explained the fluctuations. As a result, most
cosmologists consider the Big Bang theory of the universe to be the best
explanation for the CMBR.
Conclusion
- I think I just have explained a
very possible and logical “another model” above. As a result of my
explanation, I consider the Big Bang Theory to be just a Big Bang Bluff,
launched by cosmologists who have lost their natural way of looking at
the Nature below as above in the Universe.
Ivar Nielsen, Denmark
www.cosmology-unified.net (Cosmology with a Mythological tough)
www.native-science.net (Mythology with a cosmological tough)
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